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“The 5^th century witnessed the transfer of this model of client kingship from the frontiers into the imperial interior, into something that can be usefully regarded as a frontier diaspora. In other words, the first regna of the fifth-century West were simply client kingdoms transposed onto imperial soil, and it was not until the reach of imperial government was irreparably diminished that one or two late antique kings were required to create territorial kingdoms. Note, here, that the territorial kingdom, a polity with which to replace imperial government, was not the goal of any fifth-century king. It is on this point that all the catastrophist readings of the fifth century go so badly wrong. They assume that – because the fifth century breakdown of the western empire was indeed a catastrophe for much of the population, and because it was barbarian kings who replaced the Roman emperor in providing such government as existed in much of the West from the 450s onward – these kings must therefore have wanted to create barbarian kingdoms in opposition to the empire. But the territorial kingdoms of the late fifth and the sixth centuries were not willed into being by a process of barbarian conquest and royal aggrandizement. They were, rather, the product of failure of the mechanisms of imperial governance and the failure of various reges and reguli to find a place within that imperial structure.”

Kulikowski, Michael. 2012. The Western Kingdoms. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, ed. Scott Fitzgerald Johnson, 31–59. Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 33.

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